Thu kong honna
I Zogam sungah khuate, a diak in Kawlgam sung, i et ciangin mipi kikaih khopna ding mun Community Hall omna khua omlo (a om leh zong tam hetlo) hi. Hausa le thunei vaihawm te’n zong mipi sam khawm in khuasung hoih zawkna ding thu kuppih in vaihawmna tamlo hi. Mipi a ding a nasep sawm na pi in mipite’n bang kisem ding cih i theihloh leh mipi tawh thu kikupna a om loh pen hun sawtpi pek pan hita hi.Mipi tawh thu kikupna ding mun khat na-ngawn khua sim i a neihloh pen mipi lo tawh thuneite bek in vaihawm hi, cih hong lak hi.
Hih bang a thu neite bek in gamvai, minam vai, khuasung vai ah mipi thu ngailo a, i sep ziauziau pen Zomite paidan leh vaihawm zia hilo hi. Kawlgam sungah galkap kumpi hong uk a kipan mipi thudot in hong neih nawnloh uh ciangin Zomite khua sungah zong thunei vaihawmte in mipi thu ngai nawnlo hi zaw hi. Kawl leh Zomi kigawm in gam khat i sat (phuh) ma hun in hausa te’n khuasung vai ah thudot upa nei uh a, thu leh la pen “Hausa Upa” tawh vaihawm khawm uhhi. Mipi lampan in zong, khuasung ah “Nungak le Tangval” kipawlna om a, khua sung a “cimawh meigong leh tagahte” huhna pia uhhi. A beisa hun lai in i Zogam khuasung ah “Hausa Upa Vaihawm” ten ukna thu neihna a neih bangun, “cimawh donghu” na sepnate ah a huh dingin “Nungak Tangval Kipawlna” in tavuan la in, na sem khawm uhhi. Dai kilkal a meigong tagahte, inn ma, lo ma a zolo mite pen khuasung kipawlna in “tha pia” in huhna nei uhhi. Tua hangin khuasung pen nuam kisa in mi khempeuh in nuntakna nei thei hi.
Tu hun ciangin, gam ki-ukna hoih loh hang tawh, na khempeuh kumpi sep ding bek leh, kumpi uliante mahmah in zong a mau bek septheih sa in vann uhhi. Hausa upa le thu neihna nei vaihawm ulian ten zong Kumpi lam tawh kituah ding bek en uh a, mipi thu ngailo, enlo uhhi. Khuasung cimawh donghu nasem ding “Nungak Tangval Kipawlna” zong thupi sak nawnlo uhhi. Cimawh donghu nasep pen ki masak lo a hih manin khuasungah thuneite bek in nuamsa in mipi nautang a dingin khuasung pen nop zo nawnlo hi.
Zomi leh Zogam khantohna ding, minam sungah kilemna leh mipi vaihawmna a kip semsemna in a kisam a hi, Khotang kipawlna (civil society) tawh kisai thu khen thum in en in kikum ni.
Khen masa in: Galkap kumpi uk hun ma in Zomite sungah khotang kipawlna (civil society) leh nasep hoih pawl khat.
Khen Nihna ah: Kawlgam ah Gen. Ne Win leh galkap kumpi uk hun sung in Zomite khotang kipawlna (civil society)
Khen Thumna ah: Mipi vaihawmna (Democracy) a zungkipna ding khotang kipawlna (civil society) thupitna leh a sep theihte
Khen masa:
I pu leh pa (A beisa hun a) ki-uk zia leh khuasung vaihawm zia:
Thu kong honna sungah i gen bang in, Zomite pen thupi thuneu ah thu kidong tangtang minam i hihi. Hausa Upa thunei te’n zong mipite deihlo in a mau thu bek tawh vaihawm ziau lo uhhi. Khuasung vai, ki-ukna vai a hi zongin, gualnopna leh ngeina vai ah zong mipi tawh kizom in vai hawm uhhi. Kham (Singtang) lo kho mi i hih bangin kum sim a lo ma thak ding a kipan Hausa leh mipi kikum in na gel ciatciat uh hi. Tua bek hilo in, ngeina pawi (Khuado pawi) bawl hun ding, dawi thoih ni leh hun ding (Khuasiam pawi) cih bangte ah zong Hausa pa bek in thu khensak ziau lo hi. Khuasung mipi khempeuh man kim hun pen ding cih bangin na gel uh a hih manin tu ni ciang dong, i Zo ngeina pawite in a ni ciangtan (date fixed) omlo hi. Khuanu khuapa tungah kinga zaw hi.
Tua mah bangin khuanu khuapa in zong Hausa Upa tawh lo in na semlo uhhi. Hausa upa phalloh in “sing tawn khat, gua pum khat” zong phuk lo uhhi. Mipi in zong Hausate nasep huhna leh khuanu khuapa nopsakna dingin “Nungak Tangval Kipawlna” nei uh a, tua pen ” Lawm” a ci zong om in, khuasung tangval teng mun khat ah giak khawm uhhi. Tua “Lawm” tangvalte giahna pen mun pawl khat ah “Zawlbuk” ki ci a, Nungak hel thei tangval leh ta nei nailo Papi khempeuh tua mun ah giak uh hi. “Lawm” tangvalte giahna mun pan in khuasung vai thukin (emergency) khat peuh, khuasung bitna (security) tawh kisai khatpeuh tangval ngal hat ten van uhhi. Hih “Lawm” pen i pu i pate hun lai a civil society hoih mahmah khat a hihi. Lawm tangvalte giahna pan in khuasung ah cimawh beidong, inn ma lo ma a zolo, huh ding a kilawm te huh ding, khuasung khantohna ding, khua zang i tui nek lui khuk hahsiang ding leh khuanu khuapa vanzat khempeuh zuuntoh ding kigeel mun a hihi. I ngeina lui “Lawm” in Hausate sep phakloh mipi phattuamna ding tampi sem zo a hih manin khuasung nuam sak hi. Hausa te leh Lawm kipawl khawm in na a sem ngei Zomite i hihi.
Khen nihna ah:
Gen. Ne Win leh Galkap kumpi khutsung in Zomite khuatang nuntakzia:
Alagappa in “Civil Society in Asia” cih a lai gelhna sungah, ukcip kumpi (dictator/ authoritarian) nuai a zung kha civil society nam thum in na khen hi. Tuate in Upadi tawh kituahsakna (legitimate), thu neihna nuai ah koihna (control) leh khaalcipna (repress) te a hihi. Kawlgam sunga om civil society pen khaalcipna (repress) nam sungah na koih hi. 1962 kum Gen. Ne Win in gambup thu neihna a suh khit a kipan National Solidarity Acts puang khia a, Mahsahlah (BSPP) party lo party dang om sak nawnlo hi. Kumpi ten, civil society khempeuh zong phiat mai uh a hih manin tua mun awng a hu ding pen kumpi makaih civil society khat phuat kul hi. Nasem (worker), lo kho (peasants), khangno (youth), galkap lui (veterans), lai lam nasem (literary workers), khutsiam silbawl nasem (artistic performer) cih bangin a suakta civil society munah hong thun uhhi. Khangnote pen ေတဇ လူငယ္၊ လမ္းစဥ္လူငယ္၊ ေရွ့ေဆာင္လူငယ္ cih bangin ut leh utloh tawh kisai lo in, khangno kipawlna sungah lut sak uhhi. 1990 kum khit ciangin SLORC in USDA hong bawl leuleu a hih manin, Galkap kumpi uk hun khempeuh Kawlgam sungah civil society pen Joseph Steinberg kammal kawm le’ng “Kithat” hi.
Kumpi vaihawmte gakcip luatna hangin i gamsungah mipil mihau leh suakta taka kiphuh khia khuatang kipawlna (modern civil society) in zung khazo lo in si mang hi. Zo ngeina a ki lai natna leh huhna kipiate na ngawn mang cip hi. Tua a hih manin Traditional civil society (biakna bulphuh khotang kipawlna) tha hat mahmah hi. Tagah kepna, sang honna cih bangin kumpi thanemnate awnghu dingin biakna bek pansan in kinei hi. Zomite, a diakin Christian i hih manin biakna tungtawn in cimawh huhna, khantohna ding sepna, leh pilna sang honnate ki nei hi. Limtak in enleng i khuatang kipawlna pen biakna kipawlna tawh kinahvawh in kikhen thei nawnlo hi. Mipi vai, nasepna khempeuh ah biakna pawlpite kipeng sak thei nawnlo hi. Biakna makaite in zong tua nasepte a mau bek sep ding mah sa kha thei uhhi. Khantohna ding huhna sum, leh a dang huhna khempeuh biakna pawlpi tungtawn bek in kisep sawm a, Community nasep khempeuh zong biaknate sep ding bek mah i sa hi. Hih pen i gam sungah civil society in zung kip a khak nailohna leh a kisapna kilat na khat zong a hi hi.
Khen thumna:
Mipi vaihawmna zungkipna dingin civil society panmun leh sep theih thute:
Hih mun ah civil society i gen ciangin Kumpi tawh kinahvawhlo, a suakta leh kipumpiak (voluntary) kipawlna, pawlkhatte kumpi kiang pan huhna ngahlo a, a mau leh a mau kito delh kipawlna khempeuh a ci nuam i hihi. Tuate sungah, khuasung khantohna ding nasem pawl, college sangnau pangte kipawlna, thu zakna (mass media), pilna nei thu ngaihsunte (think tank groups), leh nopna dahna kipawlna a kipan biakna kipawlna dong huam sak nuam hang.
Civil society in zung thuk a khak theihna dingin kipawlna khatpeuh in kumpi thukhun, paiziate a zuih kul zel kawikawi hi. Tua banah mimal i vaang leh tanvo (individual rights and dignity), kipawlna dangte i tanvo leh a muhdante zong zahtak sak kul hi. Khuatang kipawlna in kibatlohna ah kitelsiamna leh a tamzaw thu zahtaksiamna zong neih kul hi.
Khotang kipawlna pen kumpi thuneite tawh khut kilen in na a sep hangin, suakta tak a, a tangdin ding kisam zaw hi. Gam thu neihna (political power) pen ngahna ding hanciam masa lo ding hi.
Khat veivei, gam kikhel hun laitak in, khuatang kipawlna pawlkhat in mipite nuntakna leh ngaihsutna deih bangin hei-ut thei hi. Tua bang kipawlnate in ngaihsutna kibatlohna hangin midangte tanvo zahtaksak lo bek hilo in, kitelsiamna neilo uhhi. Kipawlna pawlkhat leuleu in lah gamsung a thu neihna ngahna dingin political party or movement bek thupi sak uh hi. Tua bang kipawlna pen khuatang kipawlna huangsung in huam lo a, Democracy lamkhiatna dingin zong piak khiatna neilo hi.
Tua a hih leh, a suakta, kipum piak, thu khun zui, kiteelsiamna nei, mipi bulphuh khuatang kipawlna pen bangci kep cingin, bang teng sem ding hiam?
A masa pen leh a thupi pen in, khotang kipawlna (civil society) i ma panna tawh gambup makaite thu neihna, vaihawmnate ciangtan sak in mipi hoih zawkna ding lam ah heek (control) thei hi. Democracy gamah kumpite vaihawmna pen a tha khauh ding leh thuneihna lianpi tawh a vaihawm ding uh kisam hi. A hizongin, gamkhat peuh pen ukcip kumpi khut nuai ah sawt a om luat ciangin political makai leh kumpi uliante thu neihna pen etcik ding, sulzuih ding (monitor) leh kangkik (restrain) theihna ding lampi zon kisam hi. Khotang kipawlna makai ten in Kumpi uliante thuneihna zatzia etcik kul hi. Thu neihna khengval a zatna a om leh mipi tungah tangko thei hi. A diak in thu leh la kicing ngahna ding, thu kizakna suahtakna ding, golhguk nekna dalna ding tawh kisai thukhun kician neih dingin mipi pansan in kumpi te heel (lobby) ding kisam hi.
Khotang kipawlna septheih a thupi nihna in, kumpi uliante golhguk nekna teng pulak khia in a thuman kumpi kilam khiat ding ngetna bawl thei hi. A thumanlo a, a guta mite gawtna ding Upadi a om hangin khotang kipawlna (civil society) panpihna om kei leh a thubun in lawhcinna ding hattuam sak (effective) zolo hi.
Khuatang kipawlna i na sep theih a thumna in, “gam leh minam vai ah ki helna leh uukna” sangkhanna ding mapang thei hi. Khotang kipawlna in Democracy gamsung a kingah thei tanvo (rights), mawhpuaknate sinsakna leh kitelna ah vote (မဲ) zonna kamciamte ngai in vote pia dingin hanthon thei hi. Tua bek hilo in, khotang kipawlna in gam mikhat leh khat kikal ah nasep khop siamna ding, tangpi tangta vaibuai ah kipanpihna ding, mipi tawh kisai thute ah ngaihsutna leh muhna pulak khiatna tawh zong nasem thei hi.
A lina ah, khotang kipawlna in democracy paizia leh thuguipi khantohna ding panla thei hi. A diak in, khat leh khat kikal ah kitelsiamna, thutang pek a mittaw sialkhau let lohna ding, gatang kaihna (compromise) bawl theih zia ding, ei muhdan tawh kituak lo thute ah kizahtak sak siam ding cih bangin na sem thei hi. Hih thute in zung thuk a khak kei leh democracy pen kiplo hi. Hih thuguipite pen kihilh ciang bek tawh ki ngah zolo a, sinna leh zatna tungtawn a kingah thei bek thute a hihi.
A ngana ah, khotang kipawlnate in democracy gamsung ah gammi hoih, nam leh minam hoih khat suahna dingin siamsinna tungtawn in mapang thei hi. Galkap kumpi ukna sunga sawtpi a om minamte a dingin siamsinna sang pen a vekpi in bawl phakkik ding kisam hi. Lai sinthute (curriculum) etphat kik ding, sang laibu (textbook) te gelh kik ding leh democracy thu guipi leh manphatnate (principle and value) hilh ding nakpi tak in kitangsam hi. Siamsinna lam (education ministry) a uliante sep theihna zangin ahi zongin, khotang kipawlnate in zong a mau hih theihna lam pan in democracy leh mihing tanvo (human rights) sinsakna bawl kawikawi thei hi.
A gukna ah, khotang kipawlna pen muhdan tuamtuam, ngaihsutna tuamtuam leh angsung khualna (interest) tuamtuamte kituah khopna mun ahihi. Tua a hih manin khotang kipawlna i dinmun pen mipite phattuamna ding-in (gtn: numei, sangnaupang, lokho mi, nasem mi, siavuante, lawyer te cih a kipan) thu neite vahel (lobby) bawl ding hi. Gambup innpi ah a maute muhna leh thuakna te pulak in uliante zol theih uhhi. Mipi aw pen thunei Uliante’n a zakna ding un nasem thei hi.
A sagihna in, democracy gam khantoh semna dingin, minam khat, kampau khat leh biakna khat bek bulphuh luat a nasepna pan in a kibanglo, minam, kampau leh biaknate tenkhop zia siam nading panla thei hi. Biakna leh minam kibanglo hita se leh, taangpi kibatna bulphuh in (gentehna: numei, lasiam, nasem, lokho sangnaupang cih bangin) na sepkhop zia ding tha pia thei hi. Minam khat bek, biakna khat bek a ki cihluat na mun ah Democracy in zung kipkha zolo hi. A kibanglo nate a om khop theih ciangin kilawm hi. Pak huan ah pak nam khat bek pak lo in, a vom, a kang, a san, a eng cih bangin a pak ciangin et lawm suak zaw hi.
A giatna ah, khotang kipawlna in hun thak ah gam makai leh mipi makai ding sinsakna mun a hihi. Khotang kipawlna in mipi vai a thupi sak, mipi a huh ding khang thak makai leh gam makai ding pattah in huhna pia thei hi. Gam tampi ah mipi makai leh gam makai, numei makaite pen khotang kipawlnate panpihna tawh mun a ngah tampi om khin zo hi.
A kuana ah, khotang kipawlna in mipi kitang sap, mipi vai pen a kisapna bangin tangko khia thei hi. Hih pen mipi thu kizakna pansan bek hilo a, mipi sungah tangkona, ngaihsutna pulakna leh kam kinialna (debate) zangin pulak thei hi. Mipi tawh kisai vai thupi pen parliament ah a kikhensat ma hun in, khak tanna ding panla thei hi.
A sawmna ah, khotang kipawlna in minam kal buaina, gam sung buaina leh biakna kal buainate vensakna dingin huhna leh panpihna pia thei hi. Sinsakna (training) zangin khangnote, minam kal buainate siansak zia ding sinsak in mapang thei hi. Sepkhopna leh kiholimna tungtawn in buainate vengsak na ding huh thei hi.
A sawm leh khatna ah, khotang kipawlna in gambup kitelna ah thu man leh thutang tawh na a kisep leh sep loh encik thei hi. Party tawh kizop loh ding kisam a, kitelna munte ah thu man leh thu tangtawh na a kisep leh seploh et cik pen gam hoihna dingin thupi mahmah hi. Democracy gam thak ah, hih bangin ekcikna a om kei leh kitelna pen khemna leh zuautatna tawh nasepna tam mahmah hi.
Thu khupna
Khotang kipawlna (civil society) pen kumpi tawh kilemlo ding, kumpite nasep khempeuh gensia, langpan ding cihna hilo hi. Kumpi lampan zong tua bang a muh ding hilo hi. Kumpi i nasep ding a huh, leh mipite kisapna a gen kipawlna a hihi. Minam khat sungah mipi a ding na sem, palai sem ding a om kei leh gam hoih ngeilo hi. Zomi te ngeina ah “Lawm” kipawlna bangin i gam ah zong thu neite leh mipite kikal ah na hoih sem ding kisam hi. Mipite kisapna teng thu nei kumpite tungah a gen ding, mipite hoihna ding kumpite tanga nasem ding kisam hi. Khotang kipawlna in i gam leh minam sungah zung thuk hong khak zawh tak ciangin a beisa hun a i neih ngei Hausa leh mipi thu kikup khopna, ukna nei vaihawmte leh ukna thuak tangpi tangta kikal ah kitelsiamna hong om ding a, i gam hong khangto sak ding hi.
Tual Khan Suan
Dated: May 10, 2014
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