Bang hanga Jerusalem kituhna hih banga buaihuai leh nawngkaihuai hiam?

Bang hanga Jerusalem kituhna hih banga buaihuai leh nawngkaihuai hiam?

Dec. 7, 2017: Medieval World history panin en pak leng 1618 panin Austrian Habsburgs kumpi ten Roman Catholic ten Bohemia a Protestant biakna zui a ukkhumte tungah aana tawh Catholic biakna zuihsak dingin na nawh uh a, Holy Roman Empire in France mite Catholic zuihsak ding na nawh uh hi. Hih thu hangin kum 30 sung gal hong piang a, Thirty Years War kici hi. Hih biakna hanga gal Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) pen Holy Roman Empire ukna nuai-ah Habsburg + Catholic leh a pawlte (allies) leh Protestant (Sweden, Denmark, Dutch, Holy Roman Principalities) kidona, Catholic (France) ah leh Anti-Habsburg allies; leh Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) Spain leh Dutch Republic kidona hi a, Spain in Dutch Republic suahtakna thukimpihna pia hi.

Hih biakna gal kum 30 veng theihna dingin Europe palai thuneihna nei 109 ten palai sawlna Westphalia khuapi nih Osna Osnabrück leh Münster ah Peace of Westphalia khampi ah sawl uh hi. Palai sawlte lakah Holy Roman Emperor kumpi Ferdinand III, Spain kumpi Philip IV of Spain, Kingdom of France, Cristina’ Swedish Empire, Dutch Republic, Princes of the Holy Roman Empire leh free imperial kici nuai-a khuapite panin amau suahtakna leh thuneihna khempeuh nei (sovereigns) tengin palai sawl uh a, Peace of Münster kici ah Dutch Republic leh Kingdom of Spain in 30 January 1648 in kilemna suaikai uh a, 15 May 1648 in Münster ah namkip (ratified) uh hi. Tua khitin 24 October 1648 in zong kilemna suai nih vei kai kik uh hi. Treaty of Westphalia kilemna suaikaihna hangin Austria panin Switzerland, Spain panin Netherlands (Dutch) in suahtakna ngah uh a, German gam-a principalities ci-a kiciamteh ten autonomy ngah uh a, Sweden in sum piakna tawh a gam uh a khahsuahte ngah kik in, France in Alsace-Lorraine ngah a, RC ten Europe a lak kik ding lawhsam uh a, leitung ah Protestant biakna hong nungta zo hi.

Hih bang kilemna ding a golpen pan a neupen sim in states 194te Westphalia kilemna kihona ah kihel uh a, plenipotentiaries 179 panin palai kisawl a, 1644 a kilemna gen kipan pen October 24th, 1648 in kilemna taktak Treaty of Westphalia hong piangkhia hi. Hih kilemna hangin tua khit-a kilemna thukimnate panin diplomatic congress political order system thak central Europe ah hong piangkhia a, tua khitin suahtakna ngah a thuneihna khempeuh neite (sovereign states) bulphuh in Westphalian sovereignty kici hong piang a, gam sung leh gam khat leh khat kisim/dona leh phinna (Inter-state aggression) dalna dingin a hatzaw tuam om loin balance of power tawh dal ding, midang gam sung buaina (state’s domestic affairs) ah kigolh loh ding cihte thukham hong bawlkhia uh hi. European ngeina in leitung bup hong zelh mah bangin Peace of Westphalia thukimna bullet concept of sovereign states pen international law laizang a om leh world order suak a, Galpi 1na khit a leitung bup kipawlna League of Nations leh Galpi 2na khit-a leitung bup kipawlna UN resolution leh international law bullet suak den hi.

Jerusalem khuapi pen archaeological evidence panin a kimuhna ah Gihon Spring kicihna ah 4500–3500 BCE kikal in teenna na om a, Middle Kingdom Egyptian Execration Texts ah c.2000 BCE in Rusalimum kici khuapi na om hi. S-L-M kici bul pen “kilemna” genna (modern Arabic leh Hebrew ah Salam or Shalom) kici Canaan biakna ah khuamial kuan pasian Sahalim genna hi. Kum zalom 17 BCE in Canaan mi ten kulhbang golpi (4 and 5 ton boulders, 26 feet a sang) Jerusalem nisuahna lam-a tui kholhna dingin na lam uh hi. Egyptian New Kingdom nuai-a Ahmose I leh Thutmose I uk lai 1550-1400 BCE in Jerusalem ten Egypt tungah siah na pia uh a, Thutmose I in Egypt tawh pumkhat suaksak in Levant (Mediterrinean nisuahna lam Isreal, Lebanon, Syria) tawh na gawmkhawm hi. Amarna laimal ah khua hausa Urusalim leh a nuai-a thuneipa Amenhotep III minte na tuang hi.

BCE kum zalom 12 (Bronze Age) lai-in Egypt kumpi ukna kiat leh thanem lam manawh a, Dhahy Gal (Dhahy pen Egypt ten Canaan a cihna uh hi) 1178 BCE in Ramesses III lehTuipi kianga tengte (Sea Peoples) kidona hangin Egypt kumpi hong thanem hi. Egypt kumpi hong thanem ciangin a kiim-a suahtakna nei kumpite (independent kingdoms) hong khangkhia hi. Lai Siangtho ah hih hunin Jerusalem pen suakta tak-a ki-uk Canaan minam Jebus mite khuapi hi ci-in kiciamteh a, 1 & 2 Samuel laibu ah David in Jerusalem a simna thu panin Judahte tangthu Jerusalem tawh kizopna hong nei pan a, David in Israel milip a sim lai-in Pasian hehna hangin Kha Siangtho in pul natna tawh Israel mite a vat lai-in Araunah’ ancilna ah Kha Siangtho tawh David kimuhna thute kimu thei hi. Jerusalem khuapi tangthu pen sawpi lai pek panin en leng hih khuapi pen 52 vei na kisim (attacked) a, 44 vei na kila kik zo (recaptured) a, 23 vei na ki-umcih (beseiged) a, nih vei na kisusia dimdem (Solomon’ Biakinn kisuksiat zah zong hi pah) hi. Kum zalom 4 in kiteng kik nawn ahih manin leitung adingin khuapi lui pen pawl in kiciamteh hi.

Jerusalem pen Judahte ading bek hilo in Abraham upna lenkip (Abrahamic faiths) thum – Islam biakna zuite mun siangtho al-Aqsa Mosque, Christiante’ Church of Holy Sepulchre leh Judahte Kahna Baang (Western Wall or Wailing Wall) omna mun ahi hi. Medieval history panin sut suk hi leng Dec. 1947 in British general Edmund Allenby in 1517 panin Jerusalem uk Ottoman Empire panin na laksak hi. Tua khit nung kum 30 sung Judahte a lom a lom in Jerusalem ah hong teng kik hi bek uh hi. 1947 in UN in Arab leh Jewish state ci-in nih in phelkhap in hawm a, tua a kipanin Jerusalem pen leitung kumpi ukna (international regime) nuai-ah hong om hi. Judah makai ten UN in Jerusalem a phelkhap a muak hangun Arab makai ten deih lo uh hi.

1948 in British ten Jerusalem a nusiat khitun Israel in West Jerusalem la a, Jordan leh Palestine in East Jerusalem la uh hi. Israel in government departments zumte Jerusalem ah khin a, Tel Aviv ah foreign government embassies-te hong sak a, tu dong tua bang kizang den lai hi. 1967 in Israel-Arab War (6 Days War) ah Israel in East Jerusalem la-in uk khum a, tua khit in laksak hi. 1977 in Israel ah right-leaning Likud party ten Menachem Begin’ makaihna tawh kiteelna ah gualzawhna hong ngah uh a, 1980 in Israel thukham bawl (lawmakers) ten East leh West Jerusalem pumkhat suaksakna ding leh Israel khuapi hih sak dingin Bill bawl uh hi. Ahih hangin UN in international law palsat hi ci-in UN Security Council in Resolution 478 bawl a, Israel in tua bang Bill a bawl kimanna ding leh zatna ding bei (null and void) hi cihsan hi.

1995 in US Congress in Jerusalem Embassy Act kici thukham bawl a, Jerusalem khuapi pen Israel khuapi dingin ciamtehna dingin hih bang Act a bawl ahi hi. Tua Act clause ah US President in Jerusalem Embassy Act hunsot (postponed) theihna ding kha guk sot beh thei a, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush leh Barack Obama in kha guk ta hal in namkip phatna (re-ratified) nei den uh hi. 2000 in Israel Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in UN resolution palsat in Al-Aqsa a om Temple Mount a va phak manin Palestine ten kiphinna a nih veina (2nd intifada) hong pan uh hi. Jerusalem ah mi 8,00,000 teng a, Palestinete 3,00,000 Israel mi leh Jordan mi kici om a, milip a et in Arabte 37% leh 62% Israelte teng hi. East Jerusalem ah Israelte mi 2,00,000 kiim Israel army leh police humbitna tawh teng uh a, settlement complex housing golpen ah Israelte UN resolution palsat in mi 44,000 teng uh hi. 1967 khit Israel in Palestine mi 14,000 hihna/hamphatna (status) phiatsak hi.

Israel in Jerusalem pen phel nih suah loin pumkhatin gawm in amau khuapi bang bekin tuat uh a, Palestine ten suahtakna a ngah ciangun a khuapi dingin geelna nei uh hi. Leitung gamdang ten Jerusalem buaina pen Israel-Palestine in kihona a neih a, thukimna a neih ding hi ci-in Tel Aviv ah a embassy uh koih phengphang uh hi. US bek in Jerusalem khuapi Israel khuapi dingin pulak pan a, Tel Aviv panin Jerusalem ah a embassy uh laih sawm uh ahih manin Palestine ten two-state solution ki8ci tawh buaina ven’sak ding pen sihna dinga kinapna (kiss of death) suak a, Trump in gal hong pulak khumna hi ci uh hi.

US lawm hoih leh Israel inn veng Jordan kumpi King Abdullah II in Trump kiangah khuapi siangtho Israel khuapi dingin ciamtehna na piakna hangin Muslim leh Christiante lungsim nasak in na kuangsak ding a, gam kiim ah bitna dengdel sak ding hi ci-in kumpi inn statement in pulak hi. Trump hih banga a gamtatna pen King Abdullah’ pa King Hussien in 1967 war in Israel tungah Jerusalem na khahsuah ahih manin hih pen Abdullah adingin maizumhuaina lianpi hi napi US in a bawlna na et himhem bek hi. Palestinians ten East Jerusalem pen maban ah a khuapi dingin a tuat uh hi bek loin Al-Aqsa leh Temple Mount omna pen Islam biakna zuite adingin leitunga mun siangtho pen thumna hi. Al-Aqsa Mosque pen Hasemmite minam ten Saudi Arabia gam-a Mecca leh Medina khuapi ah mun poimawhte a khahsuah khit nung uh poimawh diak hi.

Video: FULL SPEECH: President Trump declares Jerusalem as capital of Israel

Hashemites kicite pen Hejaz kumpi hi a, 1916 panin Saudi a uk hangin 1925 panin Saudi panin kihawlkhia hi. Jordan kumpi Addullah pu sawn Sharif Hussein bin Ali pen Mecca ah sharif na hi ngei a, Hashemite minamte Hezaz kumpi na len ngei a, 1930s in al-Aqsa mosque ah na kivui hi. 2013 in Jordan leh Palestinian Authority (PA) in 2013 agreement suaikai uh a, kumpi Abdullah pen Jerusalem khuapi-a Muslim leh Christiante mun siangtho kemcik/encik (custodian) dingin thuneihna na kipia uh hi. Royal Hashemite Court nuai-ah Jordan kumpi leh political leh judicial bodies kihel a, amau ten Muslimte mun siangtho a nasemte khasum pia uh hi. 1948 in official in Israel hong piangkhia hi pan a, 1950 in West Jerusalem ukkhum a, a khuapi dingin Jerusalem a pulakkhiat uh hi bek hi.

East Jerusalem leh West Bank pen UN resolution palsat in Israel in Jordan, Egypt Syria kipawl in 1967 in Israel tawh kido uh a, Israel in Jordan khut sung panin a laksak ahi hi. 1980 in Isreal in East leh West Jerusalem pumkhat in gawm in, Israel khuapi kisuaksak hi a cih hangin international law palsat ahih manin Jerusalem khuapi vai pen thu buaihuaipi suak den ding hi. Israel hong piangkhiat dan limlim zong international law tawh kituak lo ahih manin tu dong a gam kiim tengin Israel ciamtehna (recognition) pia nuam lo uh hi.

References: Wikipedia; The Hindu; AFP; Al Jazeera
By: Thang Khan Lian @ ZUNs