Democracy phungcin nading leh gamsung kilem nang sanglai sinna
Education for democracy and peace
CS Dal (Policy Analyst, Department for Education, London, British Government)
Sanglai sinna (education) in minam leh gam hauhna leh khantohna bek hong pia hi lo a, gam ki-ukna ahoih zawk nading leh gamsung kilemna na zong piangsak hi ci in political scientists ten research tampi tungtawn in mukhin zo uhhi (na theih beh nop leh a nuai ah reference ah nasim suak in). A phadeuh in sanglai sinna in democracy ki-ukna pen phungcing sak zaw a, minam tuamtuam a tenna gamsung pan apiangthei buaina te zong kiamsak hi ci uhhi.
Leitung ah Kawlgam pen minam tuamtuam a tenkhopna gamkhat hi. Minam tuamtuam a tenkhop tawh kizui in gamsung buaina leh kilem lohna zong minam a tawm gamte sangin tam zaw tham hi cih pen theih saciat hi. Tuni mahmah in zong Kawlte leh Muslim te ki muhdahna hang tawh minam khat leh khat kisual in a liam, abai, asi leh inn leh lo tampi tak a suplawh tampi tak om khin hi.
Tuabek thamlo in, Kawlgam in 1948 kum in suahtakna a ngah a kipan in gamsung ah kikap na, kido na pen tuni dongmah bei thei nai lo hi. Gam ki-uk siat luat man in gamzawng lua hi. Tua ziak in hong uk galkap kumpi tung ah a kua maciat kilung kim lo a mualtung mi minam tuamtuam te in gam ki-ukna phuahphatna ding, democracy gam-ukna ngahna ding leh minam suahtakna ngah nading ki hamciam ciat hi. Tuaziak in Kawlgam sung ah kilem (peace time) hun cih bang om thei nai mahmah lohi.
Gamsung buai na te, gam khantoh theih lohna te a hangpen a tuamtuam om mah ding hita leh a bulpi in gam ki-uk na dikloh luat man/ a siat luat lawmlawm man cileng kikhial lo ding hi. Abeisa kum 60 valsung bang galkap ki-ukna sung ah sialpi guahthuak bangin mipi in a kithuah cip ki hihi. Galkap te in hong uk sung in, launa leh kihtakna tawh hong ukcip a hih man in deihna, deihloh na, hehna, nuamna, dahna, kipak na cih te pen ki pulak ngam lohi. Suahtakna omlo in, hong ukcip uh a hih man in, pilna siamna leh a dang sepding bangmah ki hihman lo ahihman in minam khat leh khat ki muanmawhna, kitel khialna hong tam in ki muanna om zo nawnlo hi. A phadeuh in mualtung mite leh kawl galkap kumpi kikal ah kimuan a tam hetloh lam kilang phadiak hi.
Hibang in Kawlgam sung minam vai tawh kilem lo in buaina a tam na pen kum 60 sung galkap ukna hoihloh na pan hongpia khia hi, kici thei hi. 2010 kum Kawlgam khuahun tawmkhat hong vang zawk deuh tawh kizui in kum 60 sung hehna, lungkim lohna, deihna teng lungsim picing lo (immaturely) takin ki suahkhia ziahziah tahi. Ataktak in ci leng, abeisa kum 60 sung in gam ukna hoih hi henla, sanglai sinna te hoih tak in a nei thei hi leng, 2010 khit a hong piang suahtakna pen thukhun sung ah suahtak na hi cih ki thei kim ding a, thukhun zahtak na, khat leh khat kizahtak hong suak ding hi. Lungsim picing tak in khat leh khat kizom kiho thei ding hi.
Ahizong in abeisa kum 60 sung bang mah sin kha lo ii hihman in, lungsim pen thu ngaihsun thei nai lo te bang in, hehsuak ciang singkhuah suangtum tawh a kitawng, a kilai te kihi laihi. Kawlgam ki-ukna in hong gakcip lua ahihman in lungtom baih, hehsuak baih in, lungsim kikem (emotional control) siamlo hi.
Hibangin buaina hong tamluat ciangin pawlkhat te in, galkap ukna mah tawh ki-uk leng, ahoihzaw ding hi cihbang in a genzong tam mahmah khinta hi. Tuapen ahoih ding tawh a kibat hang, tomkal sung bek hi ding hi. Kawlgam pen galkap ukna sung ah a lutkik khak ding a dahhuai pen leh a lauhuai pen hi kha ding hi. Cikmah in a lutkik loh ding, a hoih penpen hi.
Democracy cihpen kumpi kilaih na tawh, puanthak khat silhbang in a hoih pah hilo hi. Democracy in omdan khawldan, nuntak dan zia leh tong (principles of democracy) nei hi. Tuate pen zankhat thu, nikhat thu-in a ki khel pah thei, a ki zangpah thei hilo hi. Abeisa kum 60 sung in democracy nuntak zia tuakkha (experience) lo ii hihman in bangmah kithei khalo a, kisin (practice) ding, nuntak (live) pihding kisam hi. Tua ahih man in hunpiak kisam mahmah ding a, lungduai ding zong kisam mahmah hi.
Democracy nuntak zia sinna dingin a mun hoihpen, a hun lempen in sanginn ah sangnaupang te a neu tung a kipan in sinsak ding thupi masa penpen hi. Sang innpi mahmah a hi zong, laihilh dan te ahizong, khat leh khat kizopna, sia leh sangnaupang, sangnaupang khat leh khat kikal te ah democracy principles te tawh hoih tak in kizop theih nang zatding, kisin ding, kisam hi. Tuabang in sanginn teng ah hih zo leng, khangthak naupang te in democracy manphat na hong telsiam pan taktak ding a, naupang te tung pan in a golkhin te in sinkik hong hizaw ding hi.
Democracy principles cihciang in a tangzai in tampi tak kigen thei ding a, ahizong tampi gen sang in a bulpi in,
01) rule of law (thukhun, thukham zahtak siamna)
02) citizen rights/ human rights (mimal tankim hamphatna)
03) equality (mimal khat leh khat aneu alian omlo Pasian mai leh thukhun mai ah kikim)
04) accountability (sepna peuh ah vaipuak lakna ngamna)
05) transparency (thusim neih loh na)
06) political/ racial/ religious tolerance (gamvai, minam vai, biakna vai ah kikep siam na)
07) control of abusive power (zaneih/vangneih na te adik lo pi in zatloh nang)
08) multi party system (kipawlna tuamtuam ah pawlkhop theihna)
09) free and fair elections (a suakta leh a thudik kiteelna)
10) accepting the results of election (mipi te deihkhat peuh zahtak piakna)
Sang innpi leh a kim apam teng mahmah zong hih atung a democracy principle te tawh kituak ding in bawl ding, uk ding, puahphat ding kisam ding hi. Laihilh sia te hita leh laisin naupang te mahmah in zong sanghuang sung teng ah zuihzawh nang pello thukhun in neih ding kisam hi. A tung a gensa mah bang in, kisin ding, zatding a kisam hi. Sanginnpi pan sin kei le hang, nasepna mun te, lamdung lamphei te, biakinn mun te leh public mun tuamtuam te pan in democracy nuntak zia kisin khalo ding hi. Tua mun te ah nidang omdan kholdan te, a ngeina mah bang ding a, kikhel na tamlo ding hi.
Tua hi a, sanglai sinna tungtawn in democracy ki-ukna a phungcing na ding ki bawl, kisin thei hi. Tua sinna tungtawn in mimal khat leh khat ki zahtak na (respect for each) leh thu khun thukham zahtak siamna (respect for laws) te hong om thei pan ding hi. Sanginn sung ah minam dang tuamtuam tawh suahta takin kikhawl khawm, laisin khawm thei ding ahihman in, khat leh khat ki telsiam na hong piangding a, minam vai, biakna vai te ah kikep siamna tampi in phatuam ding hi.
Saupi atna ding a mun lem lo a hih man in, a kician in a tel theihnuam te a ding in a nuai ah ka reference teng lakpan pawlkhat a sim beh ding in hong koih ing.
1) Democracy
a) Tocqueville, A. (1835) Democracy in America
b) Charles Tilly (2007) Democracy
c) Robert Putnam (1993) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy.
d) Marshall, T. H. (1997) Citizenship and Social Class
e) Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba (1963) An Approach to Political Culture.
f) Pippa Norris (2009) Driving democracy.
h) Macedo et al (2005) Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation, and What We Can Do about It.
2) Education and Democracy
a) Seymour Martin Lipset (1959) Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.
b) Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba (1963) An Approach to Political Culture.
c) Amy Gutmann (1987) Democratic Education.
d) Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba (1989) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations.
e) Robert Barro (1999) The Determinants of Democracy.
f) Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, Pierre Yared (2005) From Education to Democracy?
g) Glaeser, E., Ponzetto, G. & Shleifer, A. (2007) Why does democracy need education?
h) John Dewey (2007) Democracy and Education.
i) Lorch, J. (2007) Myanmar’s Civil Society – A Patch for the National Education System?
3) Gam khantoh nading ki-ukna hoih thupi
a) Daron Acemoglu & James Robinson (2013) Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity and poverty.
b) Neill Ferguson (2012) Civilisation: the West and the Rest.
4) Education and Ethnic Conflicts
a) Silva, Petronilha B. G. e (2011) Education on ethnic-racial relations from the perspective of Afro-descendants: Agenda for knowledge production.
b) Olssen, M. (2004) From the Crick Report to the Parekh Report: Multiculturalism, Difference and Democracy – the Revising of Citizenship Education.
c) Smith, M. (2007) State of Strife: The Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict in Burma.
5) Laihilh na sanginn, laihilh dan koici bang in bawlding
a) Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (1998) Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools (The Crick Report).
b) Meyer, J.W. (1977) The Effects of Education as an Institution.
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