Leitung gamvai khuahun a nawngkai sak theiden thute ~ Khup Lian Thang

Leitung gamvai khuahun a nawngkai sak theiden thute ~ Khup Lian Thang

Harvard University aa Political Scientist leh Professor ahi Samual P. Huntington in Leitung Democracy kikhelna pen hunpi 3 in na khensuk hi. AD1828-1926kum kikal pen Democracy kikhelna tuihual masa in na ciapteh a, 1922-1942kum kikal pen tua Democracy tuihual masa pan in gam pawlkhat a nungtolh kik hun in na ciapteh hi. 1943-1962kum kikal pen tuihual nihna, 1958-1975kum kikal pen a nungtolh kik hun leh 1974kum a kipan in a thum veina tuihual kipan in tuni dongin kizomzom lai hi ci in ama laibu at The Third Wave acihna sungah gen hi.

A khat veina tuihual pan in a nungtolh lakpan in Germany, Italy cih dan gamte hangin galpi nihna a kipat khait na dingin a makaite na hi uhhi. Tuihual nihna hun in Democracy kipan khia in tuihual nihna’ nungtolh hun mah in a nungtolh kik Belpawl Gam (Kawlgam) gam, galpi nihna khit suahtakna a ngah aa kipan in Liberal Democracy (A lekkim suakta takin ki-ukna) tawh a kalsuan himah ta leh a nungtolh kik dekdek India gam cih bangin, hih gam tuamtuam te a kiamsuk a nungtolh sak thei thu tampi a om lakpan in ahang thupi pawlkhat ki kum ni.

A langkhat ah Communist gam lianpi sunga agam mite in zong amasa lam in agam makaite uh panpih in it uh hi. Amau makiahna amau paipih zia ah lungkim uh hi. Hun tawlpi khat sung mah na khangto in gam thupi na suakto man veve uh hi. A hih hangin sawt kimang lo in na nungtolh veve uh hi. Soviet Union leh Yugoslavia gam pian zia ki en thei aa, ahang tampi sungpan in a thupi pawl khat kikum ni. Tu nai in hong lang mahmah ahi Arab gamte or Muslim gam te leh nitumna lam gamte buaina te zong en kak in kikum to ni.

Germany makai Adoft Hitler makaih Nazi Party’ paikhialhna

Galpi khatna sungin Germany in gal lel gawp uh ahih manin, a gam nakpi takin hong khantoh kik na dingin hanciam mahmah uh hi. Tua hun laitak in leitung ah ki ukna thukhun (Constitution) te lakah a hoih pen pawl ah akihel dingin a ki ciam teh ahi, Wilmer khua tamh in aki bawl Wilmer Constitution hi-in a gam min uh zong Wilmer Republic ci-in a min vawh uh hi. Tua Wilmer Thukhunpi in mipi’ thu neihna mah thupi sak in, a mipi te in a gam makai dinguh Democray paizia tawh kituak in tel uh hi. Hih thukhunpi tawh aki uk sungin a gam uh zong khangto hanhan hi. Sumbawl na lam ah khangto in, mipi gammi te nuntak khuasak zia te zong manlang tak-in ki lam sang to hi. Pilna siamna sinna lam, sum bawl paibawl na lam, mipi mimal ii cidam na lam, kum cingin nasep khawlkhit Pension tawh lungnuam takin tawlngak theihna lam, cih bangin gammi te a ding athupi pen thu bulpi te ah khangto mahmah uh hi. Hun tomno sungin gam nuam gam hau mahmah khat hong suak ziau hi

1933kum ciangin Adolf Hitler’ makaih Nazi Party akici minam itna mah abulphuh hi in, mipi te’ telna mahtawh amau Party in makai dinmun hong ngah uh hi. A panmun kip takin a ngah khit uh ciangin Hitler in mipi te lungsim a sukha ding, mipi te a zawhna ding thei a, tua teng mah zangin a thuneihna behlap toto in a sawtlo in gam sungah ama thukimna lotawh bangmah ki vaihawm thei nawnlo, amah bek in thu neihna khempeuh lencip ta hi. Amah in a mipi te a zolna a zawhna leh a lawpsak mahmah thute pen pen (1) German mite pen Europe ah mi thupi te hi in, Europe gam a uk ding te hi hang ci hi.

Tua mah bulphuh in amau gam sunga minam dangte, minam neute beisak mang ding hanciam hi. (2) Galpi khatna ah Germany in a gallelhna hangin zawhthawh thutawh a ki laksak ahi a gam leh leitang te lakik ding, galpi khatna khit Versailles thukimna hangin a kikhen thang ahi amau German minam te suakta takin a kigawm kik theihna dingin vai hawm ding ci in tangko hi. (3) Germany gam sunga om Jews mite beisak ding, bek thamlo in leitung pan in Jews te beisak ding cih te tawh mipi te hanthawn in mipi te in pakta mahmah hi. German minam a siangtho sitset tawh Germany gam khatvei lamkik ding ci-in minam itna bulphuh in mipi te tawsawn hi.

Mipite in zong a mau’ tel amakai pa cih bangbang um in muang mahmah uh hi. Tua hangin a makaipa cih bangbang pen a sia a pha cih khinkhai nawn selo uh in a thu mang lel uh hi. Lampi man ah a paipih hileh hoih mahmah ding himah ta se leh, mipi leh gam mite in Pasian bangin a up a muan a it uh amakai pa’ paipihna lampi pen a hoihlo lam na hikha citciat se hi. Hitler in a sawt lo in agam ki-ukna ahoih mahmah Wilmer Republic pan in Facism kalsuana tawh na paipih ta hi.

1939kum Poland gam va sim na tawh in galpi nihna pan khia uh hi. Minam itna tawh mipi te lawpsak gawp a, gal do ding minam dangte bawlsiat ding, that mang ding cih pen haksa sa nawnlo zo uh hi. Tawlkhat sung bang galzo himah ta se leh 1944kum beikuan pawl ciangin guallelhna lam manawhnawh ta hi. Gal lelh akipat uh ciangin a ma nuai aa asem a mimuan te in, kilemna bawl ding hoih ta hi. Tua hikei leh German gam pen galmai galtual suak dinga, thu theilo la theilo Pi le pu numei naupang te si mang khin ding hi ci-in kilemna bawl dingin a kho uh hi. Ahih hangin Hitler in a lungsim khiam nuam peuhmah lo in, a tawpna thautang khat a bei dongin ih do veve ding hi ci tentan hi.

A minam pihte leh gam a itna sangin ama ii kiphatsakna, a guallelh noplohna pen a thupi sak zaw ahihna kimu thei hi. Mipite a sih mang ding sangin, a gal mai uh pan a nungkin kik ding leh kilemna a bawl ding pen haksa sa zaw mawk hi. Galpi nihn sungin a gammi 6million sih lawh (Jews te leh minam dangte a pa lo) in agam mimal in 8% bang in anuntakna bei lawh hi. Tangthu in thukhen aa, tu in ahih leh minam le gam it makaipi khat in a mipihte mahmah in ciamteh nuamlo uh a, minam leh gam tungah ciampel leh itna neilo a lipkhap huai makai khat in a gam mite un ciamteh uh zaw hi. Leitung tangthu leitung aa asuak ngei mi hingte sung panin a kitakhuai, a lipkhap huai pen mihing khat ki ciamteh hi.

Yugoslavia gam ii kiamsukna

Europe sung aa om hi in, galpi khatna a ven ciangin Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Mecedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina leh Montenegro cih bangin minam bulphuh gam 6 teng kigawm in gampi khat in na ding uh a, tua pen Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945) kici hi. Galpi nihna sungin Axis Power kici (Germany-Italy-Japan) Facist gamte kipawl in Yugoslavia na sim uhhi. Galpi nihna khit ciangin Kingdom of Yugoslavia pan in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992) ci-in Communist ki ukna tawh belpawl gamkhat in na ding khawm uh hi. A gam uh zong nopsa in a hoih khop khat mah khangto uh hi.

Ahi hangin hih bangin minam bulphuh gam khen tampi kigawm uh ahih manin minam deidan na, minam lian Serbia te in a dang a belpawl pihteh sangin Belpawl gam ah thuneihna a deihluatna cih bangte hangin gam uh buai to litlit hi. Gentn; Belpawl gam khat ahi Croatia gam khen sunga om Serb minam te in amau aa dingin suakta takin ki uk theih ding thu neihna deih uh hi. Croatia gamkhen kumpi in pia nuamlo hi. A langkhat ah a Belpawl gam ii galkap sungah Serb te bekbek ahih manin galkap tha tawh Crotia gam sunga amipih te tuamgup uh hi. Hih bangin gamvai, minam vai kilung kimlohna, amau minam ciat a gupluat a veiluatna hangin 1991kum June kha in Croatia, Slovenia gamte in Belpawl gam panin paikhia uh hi.

Tua kum mah in Mecedonia gam leh 1992kum ciangin Bosnia and Herzegovina te in Belpawl gam pan in paikhia leuleu uh hi. Bosnia War (1992-1995kum) akici pen tuni dongin a kigengen alipkhap huai gal kidona, mi alomlom in ki thahna galpi khat ahi hi. Hih Bosnia gal pianna ii a hang bulpi taktak pen, Bosnia te leh Bosnia gam sunga om Serbia mite ki lemlohna na hangin khat leh khat kido, tualthatna galpi khat ong suak hi. Serbia kumpi in Bosnia gamsung ah amau mipihte panpih uh hi. 1992-2003 kum sungin a cianlai gamkhen nih ahi Serbia leh Montenegro te kigawm in Federal Republic of Yogoslav phut khawm uh hi. 2003-2006kikal sungteng Serbia and Montenegro ci-in tua tawh ding uh a, 2006kum ciangin gam a tuamtuak in ding uh hi. A tunga gamte apai khiatna or akikhenna ahang pen a huampi in minam itna, minam thahat te in minam tha nemte nopnehna, minam kikal buaina, minam khat leh khat ki demna cihte a khauhpai luatna pen ahang thupi penpen na hi hi.

1996kum in France te’ gamvai a siam ahi Jack Lang akici pa in, Serbia gam ii khuapi ahi Belgrade ah lawptak in hong pai hi. A pai na ahang pen College sangnaupang te in amau’ President ahi Slobodan Milosivec deihlo in lungphona nei uh ahih manin, tua alungphote in Democracy deihta, khat bek thu neihna leh minam tawmte a nengniam ahi a President pa uh a deihnawn lo hi kha ding hi ci in ummawh hi.Tua hangmah in Jack Lang zong College sangnaupang te tha a pia dingin hong pai hi. University minthang khat ah sangnaupang te tawh a ki muh ciangin a ma upmawh leh apiang taktak thu pen na ki lehbulh sitset mawk hi.

Sangnaupang te in a President pa a deihlohna ahang pen amau gam sunga a teng, minam neu khat ahi Abanian minam te a sukcip zawhloh hang na hi zaw sawp hi. Hih bangin a langlek aa minam itna aneih theih na dingin a President pa or nidang hun aa a gam makaite’ gamvai kimawlna, athuneihna uh metbawl in minam tuamtuam te khempeuh ii makai kimlai amau mipihte’ aa ding bek in nasem leh angsung na thei lualiang kha uh ahi hi. Tua in gam sung buaina, kikhenna, leh a tawpna ah a cikzet huai minam buppi beisak nopna tawh kithahna ciang dong a tungsak na hi gige hi.

India gam ii deih bangin a khantoh theilhlohna

India gam in suahtakna a ngah madeuh leh a ngah cil lam in Hindu biakna abia minamte leh Muslim biakna abia minamte kikal buaina lianpi hong piang hi. Pakistan leh India pen gam nih in kikhen loh phamawh dinmun hong tung hi. Pakistan gam a tuam dinding ahanciam Muslim League te’ kalsuanna pen khaktan theih thu hi nawn ngaitlo hi cih pen India te makaipi Mahatma Gandhi hita leh tua hun laitak a uk Bristish kumpi te in na tel mahmah hi. Tua veve pen kibuai sa in kikhen sangin hoihtak kikhen ding cih deihna tawh, Muslim League te makaipi ahi Muhammad Ali Jinnah tawh hong kiho in thu hong vaihawm khawm uh hi.

Gam makaite ki thukimna tungtawn in India gamsung a om Muslim te a hi thei zahzah Pakistan lam ah lal uh in, tua mah bangin Pakistan gam sunga om Hindu te zong India gam lam ah lal uh hi. Hih bangin a makaite a sep khop kawmkal ah ki buaina zong tampi om veve a, a si a bai pen 1million kim bang pha dingin ki ciamteh hi. Makaite kiho khawmlo, nasem khawmlo hi leh bangzah bangin a sihlawh tam cih pen ngaihsut ngam huailo phial hi.

Mahatma Gandi in hih bangin Muslim makaite tawh kiho in, India leh Pakistan khennih suah ding athukim hi ci-in Hindu minam it party khat ahi Hindu Mahasabha (Hindu Minam it Party) te in Mahtama Gandhi’ nasep thukim pih vetlo in heh mahmah uh hi. 30th Jan, 1947kum in tua Party makaite gelna tawh Mahatma Gandhi suamlum uh hi. Minam itna bulphuh a hih hangin thu saupi khual aa na a sem a makaipa a that giap uh pen, tuni dongin kuamah in minam it leh gam it in ciamteh hetlo hi.

Galpi nihna hong bei ciangin British kumpi in suahtakna a piak masak lak ah India zong kihel hi. 15th August,1947kum in suahtakna ngah uh hi. A makaipi Mahatma Gandhi in nungpan panpih a, Jawaharlal Nehru’ makaih National Congress Party in gambup uh hoihtak makaih hi (Suahtakna ngah khit a sawtlo in Gandhi in kithat). Gam lianpi khat makaih ahih mah bangin India gam mi khempeuh, Hindu leh Muslim, te tungah deidanna a om lo theithei dingin makaih uh hi. 1950kum ciangin agam ii thukhunpi a masa pen bawl khia zo uh a, alekkim suahtakna abulphuh ki-ukna (Liberal Democracy) tawh kalsuan uh hi.

Minam biakna, pau leh ham, ngeina cih te hangin ki deidan na om sak vet lo hi. Tua ahih manin biakna leh minam a bulphuh lo gam (Secular) khat hong suak uh hi. India gam ii 1951kum Census a bawlna ah gam mi ii 84.1% bang pen Hindi hi in, 8.9% bek pen Muslim hi in, 2.83% pen Christian leh 1.89% pen Sikh ahi hi. Hindi te a zah tampi in a tam zawk hangin a dangte in zong amau tawh kibang in kidendan na ki nencip gawpna omlo zah phial dong in a ki ukna uh hoih hi.

Tua hun laitak mipi in bangzah in thunei hiam cih leh, kitelna vai ah a manlo in a gamtatna hangin State thukhen mang khat in 1975kum in a gambup Prime Minister nu Andira Gandhi zakia sak thei hi. Bek thamlo in suahtakna ngah khit in a vanglian mahmah Nehru in, a thukhen mang khat uh Inida gam’ tangmi (Embassador) dingin America ah nasem dingin tel hi. Ahih hangin thukhen mangte kipawlna in phallo in na khak tan zo uh hi. Hih thu nihte en le hang bangzah in India gam ah mipi in thunei in, mipi’ suahtakna a bulphuh ki-ukna tawh kalsuan uh hiam cih ki mu thei hi.

Ki-ukna lam ah a suakta mahmah ahih ahangin, sum bawl paibawlna lam ah tawmkhat lam na pai khial or a mautawh kituak ding lampi na mu lo uh ahih manin deihzah in a gam a khangto lo ahi hi. Tua kawmkal ah a makai masa Nehru hong si ta in, a gam makai thak te sungah golhguk nekna, min leh za te zangin amau mimal aituam nasep, amau mimal thuneihna dingin nasep na cihte damdam in hong kipan hi. Tua teng kigawm in a sawt ciangin Congress Party deihlohna hong khang semsem hi.

Tua laitak in Bharatiya Janata Party in mi zawngte panpihna ding, gam khantohna ding, Hindu biakna abia minamte nakpi takin bulphuh in puah ding cih te bulphuh minam it Party khat na thahat mahmah hi. Tua bangin minam leh biakna a bulphuh ciangin Hindu mipi khempeuh in zong panpih in 1996kum in Parliament tutna ah tutna tam angah pen hong suak uh hi. Kumpi zong ni 13 sung sem man uh a, ahih hangin akisam zah tutna ngahlo uh ahih man in semsuak theilo uh hi. Ahih hangin amau Party mah in makai sem in Party dang pawlkhat tawh kipawl in kumpi sem thei veve suak uh hi.

1996-2004 dong BJP in gam makaih a,suahtakna ngah zawh a langkhat party in a zawh masakna ahi hi. 2004-2014 sung Congress in zo kik a, 2014 pan in tuni dong BJP in gam amakaih laitak ahi hi. BJP in gam a makaih aa kipan in a tangthu bu te, a sanglaite, a khuamin te (Gentehna-Bombay pan in Mumbai) cih bangin Hindu te deihna bulphuh in, laih mang uh hi. A genna ah Mikang te paik min deihlo cih a paulap hi in, amau Hindi min apiaknop man hizaw hi ci-in ki ngaihsun ciat hi. Hih bangin BJP te hong hatzawh pen India gam sungah Hindu leh Muslim kikal, Hindu leh Christian, Hindu leh Sikh cih bangin minam dang biakna dangtawh buaina tampi hong om kawikawi hi.

Hun khat lai in a lekkim suaktakna bulphuh ki-ukna lam ah leitung ah a hoih pen khat ahi India pen, damdam in a etteh tak dinmun pan in kia suk uh hi. Tu laitak zong BJP makaih mah hi in, mipi in deih a batlohna, akamciam uh a tangtun sak zo taktak lo ahihna mipi in damdam in thei ta hi. A nawngkai ah pen amau sang ahoih zaw tel ding aom tuanlo ahih manin a buaihuai bulpi pen ahi hi.

Bristish te khut sung pan in suahtakna dingin a hanciam ahi Gandhi te, Nehru te pen minam leh gam a it mahmah te a hi hi. Bristish te ukna deihlo in nakpi takin suahtakna ngah na ding ahanciam te hi uh hi. British te’ zat Parliament tawh ki ukna, Democracy tawh ki ukna, cihte pen agam leh aminam aa dingin hoih ding hi cih tel mahmah uh ahihman in British te tungpan lungkim takin lamlahna la in, etteh in, a gam uh makaih uh hi. A minam, a gam, a biakna a it mahmah na hangin a mipihte’ hoihna ding, biakna namkim lungnop ki thutuak takin a kalsuan theihna ding bulpuh uh hi.

Alang khat ah, angsung theihna, golhguk neekna leh minam biakna bulphuh kalsuan nate hangin a makai pipa Gandhi in sihlawh a, ami masate in picing takin a puahtohtoh a zun tohtoh India gam lianpi khat himah ta se leh, tu in gamdang te in a hoihlo lam in gentehna leh pilna lakna dingin aki zangzel kumpi gam khat hong suak hiau uh hi. India te mipil lai at siam khat in khat in India gam ii gamvai pianzia tungah lungkia mahmah sa in“Sun tangpi in a ki buluh Democracy gam ” na ci ngiat hi. Zomite tawh aki nahvawh diak Manipur gam ii dinmun, a gam a daihloh zia te en leng, a uk kumpi or ki ukna sungah golhguk a khaupai zia cih te ki mu thei a, amau minam hilo te tundan abuai hangin na awlmawh lualo ahih na zong ki mu thei hi.

Kawlgam

U Aung San leh Galon U Saw ii minam leh gam it zia

Kawlgam suahtakna vai kikum dingin U Aung San pen Bristish Prime Minister Mr. Atlee tawh thukimna letmat a thuh ding ciangin London ah apaipih a hi Galon U Saw leh a dang khat in thukim pih lo in letmat thuh lo hi. U Aung San gelna leh ngimna ah, Belpawl gam in suahtakna a ngah khit ciangin British te’ tungpan in sumbawlna lam, sum leh pai huhna tampi ngen nuam hi. Pilsinna leh mipil tampi tak in Belpawl gam a khantohna ding apanpih na dingin huhna zong ngen hi. Bek thamlo in Kawlmi te tungah galkap pilna te hoihtak in a hilhsakna dingin zong ki thukim uh hi.

Bristish sumbawl te in Belpawl gam sunga sum leh paai abawl nate zong suakta takin semsak suak dingin thukim hi. Tua te in Belpawl gam khangto sak ding cih pen U Aung San in tel mahmah hi. Bek thamlo in, U Aung San in pen Bristish te pen mi thupi, lungsim picing leh neih leh lamh zong kicing, pilna zong nei uh ahih manin, hunkhat lai in Kawlmi te tungah athu manlo in a metdok a bawlsiat hangin, mailam gam leh minam’ khantohna ding ahih nak leh pen bangbang a sem zongin amah leh amah khial kisa hetlo ahih manin Bristish tung pan huhna ngetna ding leh nasep khop ding pen haksa salo hi.

A lang lam ah, tua laitak in Minam it Pary (Patriot’s Party) makaipi Galon U Saw te in hih thukim na pen suahtakna taktak hilo hi. U Aung San in a gam mite khem a, hih Aung San-Atlee thukimna in British te thuneihna, ukna tawh kipelh tuanlo ding hi hang ci-in a lungkim hetlo pawlkhat mah na om hi. Amah bangin Communist makaipi te in zong thukim lo in, gam leh minam a zuak leh a ciampel, thu mu lo leh gam leh minam a it lo in mawhsak mahmah uh hi.

Tua teng hang mah in zong Galon U Saw in 19th July, 1947kum in U Aung San leh a minister 6 leh a dang minih, aki gawm mi 9 te na suamlum uh hi. Hih a suamlupna nungah Galon U Saw bek hilo in, Communist te panpihna zong kihel thei ding hi ci in tuni dongin ki um lai hi. Hih bangin gamsung ah gam makaite hiamtawi in a kisuamna hangin, London Times thukizakna te in hun khat lai in Kawlgam makaipi leh mipil Dr.Ba Maw a thudot a dawng kikna ah “Kawlmi khangthakte in thau leh hiamtawi gamhtatna pakta mawk uh hi.

Hih bang hi mawk leh mailam Kawlgam gamvai pen Vote khiatna tawh hilo in, thau leh hiamtawina tawh kalsuan kha thei ding hi” ci-in a lungnop hetloh na gen hi. Dr. Ba Maw in a cih ngei mah bangin, suahtakna ngah khit aa kipan tuni dong tualgal bei zo nailo in, tuni dongin galkap te in thunei penpen to suak hi. Bangbang ahi zongin tangthu te en kik leng pen U Aung San ii minam leh gam it zia mah man zaw leh etteh huai zaw ahihna pen kua mah in nial theilo ding hi.

Belpawl gam makai masate, Mualtung mite leh Communist te

U Nu makaih Belpawl kumpi (AFPFL) hi-in amah pen gam, minam leh a biakna a it mahmah makai khat ahi hi. Gam leh minam itna tawh hunkhat lai in suahtakna dingin gentheih haksat nate thuakkhawm in a kithuah pih ahi Takhin Soe leh Takhin Than Tun te makaih Communist Party of Burma (CPB) te zong gam leh minam a it mahmah te mah ahi uh hi. Kalsuan zia paizia ki thutuak lohna hangin CPB zong 1946kum February in khen nih suak a, Takhin Soe’ makaih Communist Party (Burma)-Red Flag leh Takhin Than Tun makaih Communist Party of Burma (CPB)-White Flag ci in kikhen uh hi.

AFPFL makaite in Kawlgam suahtakna ngah na dingin a paipih zia pen sang theilo bek thamlo in British te a kihta, a meidawi, gam leh minam a zuakte cih zah dongin gensia gawp in langpang mahmah uh hi. Takhin Soe makaih CP(B)-Red Flag te in hiamtawi na tawh Bristish te tungpan suahtakna lak ding, tua dan kalsuanzia pen minam leh gam itna man taktak hi ci in pomzaw uh hi. Tua dan in a pom mah bangin 1946kum July kha pan kipan in thautawi in kumpi te lehdo a, suahtakna ngahkhit hangin zong Belpawl gam a khantohna dingin panpihlo bek thamlo in a thautawi uh zom suak hi. Gam leh minam vei in a it veve hi na pi in, kalsuanzia khial mahmah ci-in ki mu thei hi.

Takhin Than Tun’ makaih Communist Party of Burma-White Flag te in zong, suahtakna ngah hun ciangciang pen gam leh minam aa dingin thu leh la tawh, Party paizia tawh na sem uh hi. Amau zong gam leh minam itlua leh a veiluatna hangmah in amau deihdan kalsuanzia a ki deihlo aki santheih loh ciangin, AFPFL aa makaite khempeuh pen gam leh lei tungah a cihtak lo, gam leh lei a zuak ci-in gensia gawp uh hi. Hih Communist te zong tua laitak in China leh Russia te muanna tawh 1948, March kha thautawi in Belpawl kumpi langpan ding kipan leuleu uh hi. Gam leh minam a itna a deihsakna a bulphuh uh hangin amau deih amau ngaihsutna bek na thupi sak kha mawk uh hi. Tua in kiam sukna ah paipih hi.

Belpawl gam’ makai muanhuai leh a pil mahmah ahi U NU zong, a minam leh biakna a veina a itluatna hangin na khial kha veve hi. A ma Party in a gualzawh ding deihna tawh 1961kum kitelna ah a zawh leh Belpawl gam pen Buddist gam ka suah ding hi ci-in mipi tungah kamciam pia hi. Buddhist biakna zui a tamna gam ahih mah bangin amah leh ama Party in gualzo takpi a, 29th August,1961kum in Parliament thukim pihna tawh tawh Belpawl gam pen Buddhist gam in ciapteh thukimna ngah hi (Parliament pen 1947 thukhunpi hangin Kawlmi te in zo den ding in kikoih). A ma gualzawh nangin Kawl Buddhist mipi te na zangziau hi. Banghang hiam cihleh mipi te in a biakna hangin si ngam phial hi cih pen tel mahmah ahihna hang ahi hi. Amah mah zong, amau Budhist biakna in Kawlgam bup ah mun a lak ding deihin na vei mahmah hi kha ding hi. Sai lungtang khat tawh vasa nih akap khia ahi hi.

Tua hangin Belpawl gam sunga Christian a tam zaw tenna gam leh minam ahi Zomi leh Zogam , Kachin te leh Kachin gam, Karen te cih bangin lungkim hetlo in aom sa gam sung buai panin hong suksia toto semsem hi. Kachin te lungkim hetlo in tua hun aa kipan in Kachin Independent Organiztion (KIO/KIO) thakhauh hong kipan to suak hi. Mualmi te pen Belpawl kumpi tung alungkim loh laitak in mualmi te lungkim lohna hong ki behlap toto a, mualtung mi gam makaite’ bawl Taungyi Conference thu kikupna tungtawn in, Parliament ah Federal vai thusunna 1962kum in hong nei uh hi. Tua teng paulap in General Ne Win in galkap thuneihna zangin Belpawl gam bup hong ukcip ziau hi.

1947kum aa kibawl Panlong thukimna aom himah taleh a teizaw a le zaw Kawlte in Belpawl gam aa ding thukhunpi a bawl ciangin amau Kawlmite phattuamna ding bulphuh in na bawl mawk uh hi. Kawl makaite in amau Kawl minam te in minam dangte (Mualtung mite) sangin thunei nuam zaw, tungnung nuam zaw uh hi. Belpawl gam a phuhphet un a khialh masak kalsuanna hikha ding hi. Tua tawh a kipan toto pen tuni dongin kum 70 val sung tualgal bei zo lo hi. Kum bangzah ki zom lai ding hiam cih zong kua mah in genkhol thei lo hi.

Leitungah ah gam tuamtuam aa a piang tualgal teng lak ah, asau penpen hi in, a lipkhap huai mahmah gam khat hi mawk hi. Angsung theih luatna, a pai khial minam leh gam itna hang hi-in, akisam lo pi in a ci tawmzaw minam neu te biakna neute te simmawhna khaici na vawh kha uh ahih manin tuni dongin Kawl leh Mualtung mi kikal ah lungsim gal dona a om den ahi hi. Kumpi galkap leh thautawi te kilem in ki thukim na ngah in, gamvai ah mualmite deih bangin a kikal suan phial zongin, kum 70 sungbang aki vawhsa hih kideidan na singkung pi pen a zungpan pan in bawhkhiat ding haksa mahmah ta ding hi. Kum tampi mah hun lakkik kul ding hi.

General Ne Win, Galkap makaite leh tu laitak Kawlgam

U Ne Win (1962-1988 sung thu nei) in Belpawl gam tawh a kituak ding Socialist kalsuan zia tawh ama deih bangin Belpawl gam na kalsuan pih hi. Ama hun ma in Belpawl gam pen Asia ah gam hau gam nuamsa mahmah ahih hangin a sawt lo in gam zawng pen dinmun tung suk ziau hi. Gam sungah amah bekin thu neihna khempeuh len cip in, kumpi nasem te sungah golhguk nekna suksia mahmah hi. Ama patkhiat Socialist ki-uk zia zong Belpawl gam tawh kituak lo bek tham lo in, kumpi nasem te mahmah in gina lo leh hoihtak in nasem lo ahih manin amakai anungzui a vek in gina lo uh ahih manin hih Socialist ki ukzia in a guallel suak hiau hi.

Ahih hangin amakai pi U Ne Win in gen leh pen, amah pen gam leh minam aa dingin a deihsak mahmah, a vei penpen ahihna pen gen den in khiam tuan vetlo hi. Tuni dongmah in a tupa ahi Zwe Ne Win in a ma pu pen gam leh minam it mahmah a deihsak mahmah in gen tanghtangh lai hi. 1962kum in galkap thatawh thu neihna khempeuh a laksak nangawn zong pen, gam sung buai theih ding, Belpawl gam a ki phelkhap theih na ding panin amah in ahonkhia in amah leh amah ki gen den hi.

U Ne Win a kiat khit, gam uk dinmun ala ahi galkap kumpi (1988- 2015kum) in zong, amau pen gam sung buaina pan in ahonkhia leh tavuan a la dan in ki gen den uh hi. Amau teng mah in gam ukna vaipuak teng la uh a, U Ne Win hun lai sangin suksia toto zaw lai hi. Gentehna pak in U Ne Win hun lai in College sang te, Engineering sangte en leng, hoihtak in College sangkhat te pen pilna siamna taktak nei takpi uh hi aa, galkap uk hun dan in amin bek in Collge kahsak hisam lo hi(gamvai, suakta takin thu ngaihsut theih na tawh kisai laisin na, thu theihna bel khak cip).

Tua hun sungin Zomi galkap mang tampi om in Zogam ah amau teng mahin makaipi sem uh hi. Ahih hangin 1988khit ciangin tua bang dinmun a om nawn vetlo cih theih phial ahi hi. Minam leh biakna bulphuh in Kawl kumpi in a gam mite deidan tiltel hi. Amau Kawl minam, amau Kawl biakna aa ding paulap in minam dang biakna dangte deidan cip uh hi. Ahih hangin tua aminam itna a biakna itna in a Kawl minam leh biakna aa dingin malkhat zong phattuamna pia hetlo in, tua hangin Mualtung mite leh leitung bup phial in hih galkap makaite lipkhap zaw sop uh hi. Amau minam leh a biakna uh a itna hangin Mualtung mite tungah ki deidan gawpna, simmawh bawlsiatna, ki neu etna bek piangsak hi.

Tua leh hih Galkap te’ a kalsuan zia uh pen minam leh biakna itna taktak hi ci-in na ngaihsun hiam? Amau leh amau in bel minam leh gam leh biakna a itte hi ung ci kha ding hi. Ahih hangin amau leh amau mahmah akikhem uh ahi hi. A taktak in amakai te in amau thuneihna min leh za akip theihna dingin na a semsem te ahi zaw uh hi.

Tu laitak Kachin gal maitang hangin a ki mu thei Kawlmi te’ a langlek minam itzia

Kachin gam pen suangeng(Jade) leh sing manpha tampi tak apiangna gam khat ahi hi. KIO te in 1960kum pawl pan in kumpi langdo in amau leh amau suakta takin thuneihna aneih na ding hanciam uh hi. Kawlte makaih galkap te in tuni dong mah kilem na bawl dingin a zawn bang buang napi uh in, KIA te abei mang na dingin nak hanciam mahmah uh. Thaupi, gal vangleng cih ciang dong zangin KIO a beimang na dingin nawt uh hi. Hih gal kido na ah Kawlmi gam makaite leh CSOs te, khangham khangno pilna neite nangawn ii muhna pen lamdang mahmah hi. Hih bangin zawhtawh gawp in thu theilo mipi te a nawtgawp uh pen Kawlmi a tam zaw in hoih sa leh gum veve mawk uh hi. Ki lawmlo lua liang ahih manin ka gum uh hi a cilo bek mah uh hi in, a hoih lohna a deihlohna genkhia lo uh ahih manin hoih a sa uh ahi hi. Hih pen Kawlmi a tamzaw ii lungsim puakzia, minam itzia leh mualmi te amuh zia uh kici thei hi.

A langlam ah nuntak zia aki bang Mualtung mite tengin Kachin te’ thuakna te na sakpih, lunghimawh pih uh hi. A taktak in Kawlmi te leh Mualmi te amimal in aki itlo aki hua hi hetlo hi. Suahtakna ngah cil Belpawl gam tualgal a khauhpai mahmah laitak in nakpi takin Belpawl gam a honkhia pen Kachin leh Zomite hizaw lai hi. Bangmun koi mun ah khial hiam cih leh, makai masa panmun anei te in Belpawl gam sunga a teng gam mite khempeuh, deidan na omhetlo in ki it ki pumkhat sak ding lamsang tawh na kalsuan pih masa khalo uh hi. Kawlmi te bekbek ii hamphatna, Kawlmi te ii biakna cih bangin amau minam khat ii angsung hamphat dingin zawhthawh thu tawh Mualtung mite na tuam bawl na deidan bawl uh hi.

Sang aa kisin tangthu but te ah Kawl kumpite thu kisin in, Mualtung mite tangthu Munltung mite’ kumpi te thu kisin vetlo hi. Kumpi zum khak ah Kawl biakna nithupi te bek kikhak in mualtung mite ngeina ni thupi te ki awlmawh saklo vetlo hi. Minam khat aa dingin a thupi pen ahi lai nangawn, Mualtung mite in amau leitang amau sangin te ah, sang hun sungin kisin sak nawnlo hi.( tunai ciangin damdam in ki sinsak kik dingin ki vaihawm). Tua in gam mite sungah sunglam liamma aguanguan hi in, Kawlmi te in ko inn ko gam hi ci-in ki inntek sak mahmah uh hi. Mualmi te in lah a kipawl khawm Belpawl gam ahih manin ko zong inntek hi ung ci-in in a ki it hialhial ding kim lai hih minam nihte ki tawngtawng mawk uh hi

Arab lam a Muslim gamte leh nitum na lam gamte

2001kum 11th Sept in, Osama Binladin’ gelna tawh migilo te in USA gam aa om, World Trade Center pipen vanleng tawh anawk ciangin leitung bup lauthawng in hong khanglo sak hi. Mipil te zong a cihna ding theilo in a lu khuat kei uh hi. Tua thu paulap in migilo teng a nawt mang dingin USA te in Iraq ah lut in, Afaganistan ah lut in mi gilo te leitung panin a bei mang nangin hanciam uh hi. Tua khit zawh Middle East lam buaina pen veng zo nailo in tuni dongin ki zom toto suak hi. Tu laitak in mi khempeuh in, nitumna gamte or Christian or Biakna dangte leh Muslim te akl Arab mite kilem lo hi ci-in ki gen ziauziau kha thei hi. Hih Muslim te pen a gilo ngiat minam, a biakna limlim in mithah ding haksa sa lo in, Christian te tawh, Mankang te tawh, Jews te tawh, a kim a pam biakna dang khat peuhpeuh tawh, USA te tawh akilem thei ngiatlo minam leh biakna neite hi ci-in mi tampi tak in lipkhap phial mawk hi.

Ahih hangin Muslim te’ makaih Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) in kum 600 sungbang Europe gam nisuahna lem, Africa, Middle East tengah a thahat mahmah hun sungin, buaina tuamtuam om himah ta se leh, Muslim leh biakna dangte buaina, Muslim leh Jews te buaina, Arab te leh minam dangte kikal buaina cih dingin a nak suksia lua buaina om lo in, Ottoman Empire nuai ah nuamtak in teng khawm thei uh hi. Leitung ah Muslim gam a lianp pen Indonesia te na hi citciat a, agam sungah minam te, biakna dangte tawh na teng khawm hithiat thei veve uh hi. Malaysia zong tua bangmah ahi hi. Hih gamte ah pen Leitung mihing ngeina khat ahi a tamzaw te in a tawmzaw te nopneh deuh cih ciang bek buaina om hi kici thei hi. Muslim gamlian khat mah ahi Turkey mahmah zong pen ki-ukna lam ah Liberal Democracy tawh a kalsuan, apicing leh a khangto mahmah gam khat ahi hi.

Arab gamte’ buaina ahang thupi khat, AL-Qaida

Arab gam makaite leh kumpi te pen mipil thuthei vive hi in, leitung aa amin thang Oxford, Cambridge leh galkap lam ah Sanhurst cih dan te pan in sang man vive ahi uh hi. Arab kipawlna gam 22 sung pan gam 2 khawngbek pen kitelna tawh akah makaite’ uk hi in, a dangteng pen kumpi leh amau ut tantan a sem, gam makaite ukna gamte na hi citciat hi. Galpi nihna khit suahtakna angah ngeingai khit uh teh amau leh amau kimakaih in a gam uh a kalsuan ciangin, lem hetlo in, uk theilo vaihawm theilo uh ahihmanin a gam khantohna khawl in a kiamsuk zaw phial zong om hi. Tua laitak in nitumna gamte khantoh cihtak in khangto uh a, tua amuh uh ciangin mimal or gam makaite lungsim ah amau tungpan in a khantoh nate sin ding, a lemlo makaihna leh sumbawlna ziate puah ding cih lam sangin no nitumna lamte sangin a pil masa zaw, a khangto masa zaw hi ung cih peuhtawh a kihihsakna bul phuh in om lianluan uh hi.

Tua kawmkal ah Arab gam makai kumpi te leh amihau te kikal ah zong gamvai akal suanzia deih a bat lohna hangin kilem lohna ki behlap semsem hi. Gentn: Saudi Arabia kumpi te leh America gam kumpi te in khut kilen in a vaihawm a sep khop uh ciangin, alang khat ah Saudi Kumpi te kalsuanzia dik asa lo Osama Binladin leh apawlte in lampi manlo tawh buaina apiang na dingin hong hanciam uh hi. Ama huahna zangin Al-Qaida cih biakna a ultung sak kipawlna tawh American te muhdahna gen aa, American te in ih gam leh ih biakna hong suksiat ding hi ci-in minam leh biakna paulap in a khangno tampi tak zawlzo uh hi. Tua khangno te in a nuntakna uh kipia in biakna hangin a sihngam na dingin hangsan sak gawp hi. Middle East buaina, America or nitumna gamte a muh dahna cihte pen ataktak in Saudi Arabia gam vai buaina, a gam uk kumpi te leh a gam aa mihau pawlkhat te’ kilemlohna pan in hong kipan khia hi ci-in Fereed Zakaria in Future of Freedom cih laibu sungah gen hi.

Biakna bulphuh Arab gam phutnuam, ISIS

Tua Iraq gam ah buaina tawh kizom to in ISIS ci-in Muslim kipawlna khat hong thakhauh mahmah leuleu hi. A ngimna uh pen Middle East ah Muslim gampi khat phut ding cih hi in, amau biakna sanzia a sanglo mi khempeuh that mang ding cih sanzia nei ta leuleu uh hi. A Muslim veve amau sanzia a sang theilo, a mau paizia athukim pih lote nangawn cikzia hetlo in a gawlpan in tan ngam zen uh hi. Amau pen biakna leh a Pasian aa dingin nasem a si ngam ci-in kipak leh hansan mahmah uh hi. Ahih hangin a Pasian aa dingin nasem hi hetlo uh hi. Middle East aa gamte ah lah kumpi sem theilo ding uh, makaih theihna thu neih theihna nei theilo dinguh ahih manin amau thuneihna a neih theih na dingin Muslim gam khat a phut nuam sumhau mitei makai pawlkhat’ gelna leh gamvai akimawlna uh sungah a kia kha uh, gamvai akimawl pawlkhat ii khutzat na hi zaw gige uh hi.

Tua ahih manin Arab gamte ii ki ukna zia kikhel in mi khempeuh deih ki ukna tawh a kalsuan uh hi zenzen leh hih bangin langbawl langpanna abei pah kei zongin tampi hong bei pah ding hi. Tua khit ciangin sum bawl paibawlna hong khangto in, a gam uh hong nuam mahmah peuh leh, hih bangin a uanglua minam leh biakna itna te zangin kuamah in gam buaina dingin na sem nawnlo ding hi. Tua dan in kuamah in kumpi lehdo gawp lo in, pilna leh suaktak takin gamvai kimawl thei peuh leh uh hih bangin thautawi in biakna paulap in gamvai kimawl kul nawnlo ding hi. Tua gamvai kimawl te in minam vai tawh a kimawl kei nak uh leh a vallua minam leh biakna itna te hong bei toto lel ding hi. Tua ahih manin Middle East aa buaina taktak pen minam leh biakna taktak hilo in, gamvai lungkim lohna leh a gam khantohna in nitumna gamte a bat zawhloh hang, lamkhat pan gen leng Gamvai leh agam sumbawl paibawlna a lemloh hang ahi hi.

Singapore gam ah minam biakna tampi tak kilem takin teng khawm

Singpaore pen gam sung buai theihna ding ahang tam mahmah ahih lam pen gam makaite in tellua ahih manin amasa in minam vai, biakna vai ah Policy thupi khat na kiplet masa uh hi. Tua policy pen “Minam, biakna, ngeina ki deidan lo in, gam leh mipite’ nuntak khuasakna a khantohna ding bek maingat in na sem khawm ding” cih ahi hi. Singapore gam sungah Sen(Chinese)minam 74%, Malay 13.4%, Indian 9.2% , Eursian leh a dang minam 3.3% cih bangin a teng khawm ahi hi. Biakna lam ah Buddist 33.2%, Christian 18.8%, Islam 14%, Hindi 5%, Tao leh Folk Religion 14% leh adang 18% teng pen biakna upna kician a neilo, cih bangin tengkhawm ngeingai uh hi. Hih teng a kilem loh in, hih gam khangto lo ding hi cih pen Singapore gam makaiten na tel mahmah uh hi.

A gam in pautang (Common Language) dingin Manglai mangpau zangin nasepna, sumbawlna leh kumpi zumte ah Manglai ki zang hi. Amau gam mite pianpih pau leh ngeina abei lohna dingin Chinese, Malay leh Tamil laizong official lai in ciamteh veve uh hi. Gtn; Bus leh Meiling tung te ah lamlahna (sign, advertisement) te ah Manglai, Sen lai, Malay lai, Tamil (Indian) lai tawh namli in at diudeu lel hi. Mun la tuam, sum bei tuam mahmah kha ding hi. Ahih hangin, tua bang aa ahih tanghtanghna hang mahin minam vai kibuaina, ki telkhialhna tawm mahmah hi. Mipite in Kumpi makaite leh a makaihziate a muanna khauhsak semsem ahih manin sum bei tak mahmah na hi mawk hi.

Sang naupang te in Manglai ban ah Chinese, Malaly leh Tamil lai ci-in hih minam official lai te sung pan khat teitei sinloh phamawh hi. Minam khempeuh in amau lai amau ngeina te amangthang lohna ding, kepcing theihna ding deihna ahi hi. Tua bek thamlo in a tunga minam Percentage zui in inn zong hawm uh hi. Gtn; Housing Block khat ah inn 100 bang aom ahi leh, atunga minam Percentage zui in, Chinese ten in inn khan 74 lei thei, Malay ten inn khan 13 lei thei cih danin hawm in agam mi khempeuh ii a kizopna a kihual nang, minam khat leh khat kikal ki itna ki telsiamna a khang nangin gel in, kician takin vaihawm uh hi.

Tua hang mahin in zong, suahtakna angah khit zawh 1969kum in khatvei bek minam vai in buaina om aa, tua nangawn zong Malaysia gam aa thupiang aki zom kha hi bek hi. Tunai 2013kum Little India vengah buaina om aa, ahih hangin minam bulphuh buaina hi lo hi. Hih Singapore te paizia en le hang, minam leh biakna cih te hangin a kitawngtawng akilem thei ngiatlo cih bang omlo ahihna kilang mahmah hi. A makai a uk kumpi te in koi ci makaih koici paipih cih tungah a kingah linlen hi mawk hi.

Leitung gamvai khuahun a nawngkai sakthei minam itna tungah Mipilte muhna

Gamvai ah mipil leh laibu hoih tampi a at Fracis Fukuyama in The End of History acih laibu sungah, “Liberal Democracy (A lekkim suakta takin ki-ukna) adem zo ding a nawngkai sakzo ding ahi Fascism and Communism a kiat khit ciangin, adang a nawngkai sak zo ding gamvai ngaihsutna (ideology) a om dinghiam ci-in amah leh amah ki dong hi. A val lua biakna pai zia leh a uanglua lua minam it na pen mailam ah Liberal Democracy a nawngkai sak zo ding thute ahi kha tam “ ci-in gen hi. Lam khat pan gen leng, leitung ah daihna leh suakta takin nuntak khuasakna a nawngkai sak thei ding pen Biakna vai ah uang luatna, minam itna vai ah a uanglua te in nawngkai sak thei ding hi a ci hi hi.

Poland minam tangthu kansiam khat in “A picing nailo Democracy gam khat aa dingin a vallua minam itna bulphuh kalsuan nate pen, Democracy a picing nangin a nawngkai sak tawntung thei ding thu bulpi hi thei den hi” ci-in na gen ngei hi. Fareed Zakaria acih gamvai a kan leh a siam Journalist pa in “Mipi te in a tamzaw thukim (Democracy) zia tawh akitel makaite in, tutna panmun a ngah uh ciangin a thuneihna zangin a thuneihna aliat semsem nangin nasem thei uh hi. Tua dan a sep nangin minam itna, biakna cihte zangin mipi te zangin mipi so sak uh a, mipi panpihna ngah toto sawnsawn uh hi. A cil in Democray zia tawh a kalsuan ahih hangun damdam in khat bek thu neihna gam, a nungtolh gam, hong suak uh hi. Hih bang ahih theihna pen a gam mite mahmah, a makai ding uh vote piak theihna a nei mipi te mahmah in a sia apha a lekkim nuntak khuasak na leh ngaihsut zia a neih nailo hang zong hikha thei hi, mipi picing peuhleh akilawm a siam taktak ding makai tel thei ding uh hi. Lam khat pan gen leng, tua bangin a picing khin mipi sung panin hong piang khia makaipa pen zong makai picing khat mah hipah ding hi” ci hi.

Ngaihsut mahmah ding

1) Hih a tungah leitung tangthu ah, gam leh minam itna a ki zatkhialhna, a ki san khailhna te tungtawn in Zomi te in khatvei lungngai kik in ih minam itzia, ih makaih zia te ih kisit kik ding thupi ding hi. Germany te bangin Hitler ii gamvai minam vaite a ultung saklua makaite ih zuih khak loh na dingin kidawp huai mahmah hi. Yugoslav aa Serbia gam makaite bangin, Serbia mite thuneihna ukna a kip leh aliat semsem na dingin, a mau sangin a thanem zaw a citawm zaw minam dangte a neng niam, Serbia gam makaite’ khailhna panin pilna la in kidop huai mahmah hi.

2) Mahatma Gendhi leh U Aung San a suamlum te zong amau leh amau pen gam leh minam a khualna a itna mah bulphuh in a suamlum uh ahi hi. Hih bangin a gamh tat te pen a taktak in gam leh minam leh biakna pen amau bek in a it leh akem kisa kha uh ahi hi. A makai amipil te in gam, minam leh gam mite’ hamphat na ding bek a khual na hangin picing tak in a nasep na uh, a hawmthawh mawkmawk kha uh ahi hi. Tua bangin minam itna hangin ih gamtat khak loh ding leh, a ta khial kha a om leh zong hoihtak in ki kham ding pen mimal kim ii tavuan ahi hi.

3) Belpawl gam makai Kawlmi te bangin thunei thahat minam lian ahihna metbawl in, amau minam amau biakna amau angsung bek phattuamna dingin avaihawmte pen khial mahmah uh hi. Tua hangin tualgal kum 70 sung piangkhin ta hi. A paikhial angsung khual lua minam itna hangin, tu in Kawlmi te leh mualtung mite kikal ah ki telkhialhna lianpi om hi. Tangthu manlo tampi te hangin Kawl mite in Belpawl gamah Muanltung mite sangin ki inntek sak zaw uh hi. Belpawl gam cih mah bangin gam tampi kigawm khawm aa a ding hi napi in, amau mimal a tam zaw Kawlte in zawhthawh thutawh minam neute a deepgawp a nopneh gawp, a simmawh gawp uh pen, tangthu ah a bei ngeilo ding leh a lipkhap huai in kiciam teh khin ta hi. Tua bang kalsuan zia pen Zomite leh a khangto nuam minam te in zat vetloh ding thupi hi. Singapore gam kumpi te kalsuan zia te etteh theih ding thupi hi.

4) Gam mite in muanna taktawh makai dingin a tel gam makaite in, amau a kipia thu neihna te zangin amau thu neihna a kip semsem nangin lampi tuamtuam tawh sem kha thei uh hi. India, Africa gamte, Latin America gamte ii gamvai thute en leng tampi kimu thei hi. Tua bang te in gam khat aa dingin nakpi takin kiamsukna piangsak hi. Mipil khat in tua dan gamtatna te pen “Sun tangpi in a ki buluh Democracy gam te” na ci ngiat hi. Tua bangin a buluh makaite ihih khakloh ding, a buluh makaite apanpih ih hih khak loh ding thupi ding hi.

5) Fareed Zakaria genna ah, nitumna gamte in Liberal Democracy (a lekkim suakta takin ki-ukna) tawh picing takin a kalsuan theih dingin hun zawtpi mah na la uh hi. Gammi te sungah a lekkim thu khinkhai theihna, suahtakna te a om khit ciangin Democracy ki-ukna zong, Liberal Democracy hi thei pan hi. Tua Liberal Democracy mah in a gammi te tungah lungnop suaktakna pia kik leuleu hi. Tua ahih manin thu khinkhai theihna anei mipi, suaktakna a thupi sak mipi te hangin Liberal Democracy pianga, tua Liberal Democracy ki-ukzia mah in gam mite tungah lungnop suahtakna, a lekkim ki-ukna pia kik leuleu hi ci hi.

Gam khat a khantohna ding, a mipite in a lekkim thu khinkhai theihna a neih na ding, mi dang khat ii sanzia leh ngaihsutna zahtak sak theihna ding, mimal khatciat ii suahtakna thupit sak in a zahtak theihna ding pen, tulaitak thuneihna anei gam makai, pawlpi makaite, kipawlna makaite’ makaihzia tungah ki nga sitset hi.Tua bangin mipite in thu leh la khinkhai thei in a lekkim thungihsutna hong nei uh leh, thu hong khual ding uh a, tua in na makaih ahi na gam na minam na pawlpi hong picing sak in hong cidam sak ding hi. Tua a cidam gam leh gam mite, pawlpi mite, kipawlna sunga mite’ picinna in amau amakiah ding mi picing makai hoih ding hong telkhia siam ding uh hi. Tua a kitel makaipa in gam leh minam pawlpi ki-ukzia paizia ding ahoih penpen amau tawh a kituak penpen hong thei ding hi. Hih bang dinmun pen USA te, Europe gam liante na tungkhinta uh hi. Zomite zong amau dinmun ih tung zawh nangin tu in hanciam in kipat hunta hi.

Makaite aw (Gam makai, minam makai, pawlpi makai, innkuan kipawlna makai), no thugen bangbang a um, a sia leh pha te khinkhai theihna dingin pilna thupom zia a kicing zo taktak lo, na mipih na innkuanpih na biakna pawlpi mite, ih koici makaih kha mawk hiam? Lungngai in a kisit kik zelzel dingin itna tawh kong zawn hi.

A tunga gamte ii tuahkhak thute en kik khinkhai ki hi leng, gamvai ah mipil khat ii kammal pen a man mahmah ahi hi. Aman bangci hiam cih leh;

“Ih Minam, Ih Gam, ih biakna te itna tawh ih veina pen thupi mahmah hi. Ih it ih vei loh a phamawh thu ahi hi. Tua ih itna tungtawn in ih sep khaitna ah a hoihlam vive tawh ih kalsuan ding thupi aa, tua in ahoih vive mah hong gah khia ding hi. Ahih hangin tua ih itna hangin siatna buaina ki muhdah ki tawt kisel gawp in, ki thahna dong apiang sak ahih zenzen leh tua itna it veina pen a sawitai minam, gam leh biakna itna kici hi”. Lungdam, Khup Lian Thang Ref: 1) The Future of Fredom, Fareed Zakaria 2) Kawlgam gamvai et kikna (1948-1988). U Kyaw Win